In practice the operations of textual and “higher” criticism cannot be rigidly differentiated: at the very outset of his work a critic, faced with variant forms of a text, inevitably employs stylistic and other criteria belonging to the “higher” branch.
Eichhorn the first use of the term “textual criticism” in English dates from the middle of the 19th century. This distinction between the lower and the higher branches of criticism was first made explicitly by the German biblical scholar J.G. Textual criticism, properly speaking, is an ancillary academic discipline designed to lay the foundations for the so-called higher criticism, which deals with questions of authenticity and attribution, of interpretation, and of literary and historical evaluation. The study of formal documents such as deeds and charters belongs to the science known as “diplomatics” the study of writings on stone is part of epigraphy while inscriptions on coins and seals are the province of numismatics and sigillography. Texts in this connection are defined as writings other than formal documents, inscribed or printed on paper, parchment, papyrus, or similar materials. Textual criticism, the technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their original form.
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